Burden of proof on prosecution to prove both actus and mens rea to secure conviction; Ingredients of offences under Sections 409, 467, 468, 471, 477-A, and 109 of PPC explained;Secondary evidence, i.e., certified copies or Photostat of documents, is exception to general rule and can only be allowed if conditions specified in Article 76 QSO exist and notice in terms of Article 77 QSO is given;Confession of co-accused with independent corroboration is weak type of evidence, and without independent corroboration, of no evidentiary value;Crl. Appeal 1826514.1477-15MUHAMMAD ASHRAF VS STATE ETC. Mr. Justice Muhammad Jawad Zafar 22-09-2025 2025 LHC 7236